For much of the past three decades, markets operated under the assumption that monetary policy was largely independent of government influence. Even during extraordinary times—the Global Financial Crisis, the European debt crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic—central banks coordinated with governments but ultimately acted under their own mandates. That independence gave investors confidence: once they built models for growth and inflation, they could compare their views with central bank frameworks and position accordingly.
Read the Market Review and Q4 Outlook 2025

